Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. Essay Example

Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. Essay A Biological Research Submitted to the Research Center Alabel National Science High School Regional Science High School for Region XII Alabel, Sarangani Province Submitted by: Shaira Mae M. Yamon Fourth Year- Diamond Submitted to: SHIELA P. BUTIL, Ph. D. Research Adviser August 5, 2013 ? Chapter I Introduction A. Background of the Study Amaranth (Amaranthus) or Pigweed popularly known as Kulitis or Uray here in the Philippines is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs that has been used for many years here and in other countries. Amaranth has significant nutritious content and can be used in many tasty recipes in place of wheat or other grains. Amaranth can grow up to seven feet tall (about 2. 1 meters), although most plants are five feet (about 1. 5 meters) or less. Amaranth plants have broad leaves and a flower head, with tiny seeds galore. The leaves come in many colors, including white, green, orange, pink, and red. Amaranth grain has high fiber, calcium, and iron content. It has a relatively high concentration of other vitamins as well, including magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese, and a nearly complete set of amino acids, which you won’t find in many other grains. The leaves of amaranth are a good source of nutrition as well, with high concentrations of vitamins A, B6, and C; riboflavin; and foliate. Minerals found in amaranth greens include calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, copper, and manganese. We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Several studies have shown that amaranth seed or oil may benefit those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease; regular consumption reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while improving antioxidant status and some immune parameters. In traditional medicine Amaranth is especially recommended for people with a low red blood cell count. Amaranth is one of the most delicious leafy vegetables. It is a good crop for greens especially during the summer months when it is hard to grow and other kinds of vegetables. Amaranth is used in stews, sinigang and other dishes wherever spinach (Spinacea oleracea L). Many wild Amaranthus species are used as pot herbs. Used as ornamentals are A. tricolor forms with red, yellow and green colored leaves or leaf sections and A. cruentus with large bright red inflorescences. Amaranthus weeds are used as for fodder (pigweed). Vegetable amaranths are recommended as a good food with medicinal properties for young children, lactating mothers and for patients with fever, hemorrhage, anemia or kidney complaints. The wild A. spinosus L. used as a depurative against venereal diseases and as dressing on boils. B. Objectives of the Study Generally this study aims to identify bioactive compounds present in Amaranth or Kulitis by Phytochemical screening. Specifically, this study seeks to: a. Know the property of Kulitis plant b. Know the visibility of the plant in curing such complicated disease. c. Determines the capability of the plant as a herbal medicine. C. Significance of the study This study will be conducted and will undergo phytochemical screening examination. This is to determine its compound that in the future studies, it will be a great help for people in the society, especially to people who have snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. Snake bites and scorpion stings are dangerous because of the venom it carries. The information gathered in this study will also help the scientific community in analyzing the possibilities of making any pharmaceutical products out of the said plant. Finally, this study will help the future researchers to conduct other possible uses of Kulitis (Amaranthus spinosus L. ) that would also be beneficial to the human health. D. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study is focused only in the analysis of Kulitis Leaves Extract and why it can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. The study does not cover Feasibility study on the other plant extract and other toxicity level. E. Hypothesis H0: There is no component in the Kulitis Leaves Extract that can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. Hi: There is a component in the Kulitis Leaves Extract that can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. F. Definition of terms 1. Kultis -is a bushy plant with broad, green leaves. It grows up to 4 feet tall in the garden. They are ready to be harvested in 5 to 6 weeks after planting them in the garden. They grow practically wild in the garden because they have so many seeds when it matures. The seeds are grown as grain in other countries like India and is a valuable source of protein. It contains the amino acids lysine and methionine. 2. )Phytochemical Analysis -is peer review of a study. It is devoted to the publication of original articles on the utilization of analytical methodology in the plant sciences. The spectrum of coverage is broad, encompassing methods and techniques relevant to the extraction, separation, purification, identification and qualification of substances in plant biochemistry, plant cellular and molecular biology, plant biotechnology, the food sciences, agriculture and horticulture. 3). Amaranthus is the scientific name of Kulitis CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Kulitis Kulitis (Amaranthus viridis L. ) is alleged to originate from the lowland Tropical South and Central America and it was introduced into other warm places of the world. This weed is mostly found on roadsides and wastelands. It has a wide variety of distribution in all tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Southeast Asia, including the United States of America. Amaranth has significant nutritious content and can be used in many tasty recipes in place of wheat or other grains. Amaranth can grow up to seven feet tall (about 2. 1 meters), although most plants are five feet (about 1. 5 meters) or less. Amaranth plants have broad leaves and a flower head, with tiny seeds galore. The leaves come in many colors, including white, green, orange, pink,andred. It is highly adapted under lowland condition. Grow well at day temperatures above 250? C and night temperatures not lower than 150? C. Amaranthus are quantitative short day plants. It consumes high amount of water and uses 6 mm/day. Amaranthus prefers fertile, well drained soils with a loose structure. Amaranth is propagated by seeds. Depending on the cultivar, photoperiod and cultural practices, flowering may start 4-8 weeks after sowing then the seeds mature after 3-4 months (it will serve as the source of planting materials). However, A. dubius will continue its generative stage for a much longer period and when cut regularly, the plant may become shrubby and perennial but even at its mature stage the leaves are succulent which is suitable for consumption as vegetables. Amaranth is recognized as an easy to grow and very productive crop. It is probably the highest yielding leaf vegetable of the tropics with its excellent nutritional value thus of high importance for human consumption and as a cheap green vegetables for city dwellers. Research should focus on optimization of cultural practices, effective pest control with fewer residues and plant nutrition. Source: http://www. pinoy-entrepreneur. com/2010/08/03/amaranth-or-kulitis-production/ Uses and Importance of Kulitis Kulitis is one of the most nutritious leafy vegetables. It is used in stews, sinigang and other dishes whenever spinach (Spinaceae oleraceae L. is not available. Many wild Amaranthus species are used as pot herbs. Used as ornamentals are A. tricolor forms with red, yellow and green-colored leaves or leaf sections and A. cruentus with large bright red inflorescences. Kulitis weeds are used as fodder (pigweed). Vegetable amaranths have medicinal properties good for young children, lac tating mothers and patients with fever, hemorrhage, anemia or kidney problems. The wild A. spinosus L. is used as a cure against venereal diseases and as dressing on boils. Source:http://cagayandeoro. da. gov. ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/KULITIS. pdf Kulitis is very rich in iron therefore it is a good supplement of it. When someone has anemea, kulitis is just as good. It also contains Vitamin C which is the best immune system boost and calcium which is needed for strong bones. Iron is absorbed by the body in the presence of Vitamin C. Since this plant contains both, vitamin C supplement is not needed at all. Source:http://gaga-oly-herbalmedicine. blogspot. com/2011/11/chinese-spinach-kulitis. html Medicinal Uses of Kulitis Amaranth seeds and leaves are a very good source of vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin B6, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate, and dietary minerals includingcalcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, and manganese. Both the seeds and leaf are high in protein, including the amino acid lysine. Amaranth seeds, like buckwheat and quinoa, contain protein that is unusually complete for plant sources. Like quinoa, another staple crop of pre-Colombian cultures, amaranth contains the essential amino acid lysine, which is deficient in wheat and barley. Most fruits and vegetables do not contain a complete set of amino acids, and thus different sources of protein must be used. Several studies have shown that like oats, amaranth seed or oil may be of benefit for those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease; regular consumption reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while improving antioxidant status and some immune. While the active ingredient in oats appears to be water-soluble fiber, amaranth appears to lower cholesterol via its content of plant stanols and squalene. There are many other medicinal uses found in Kulitis that only a few know. The decoction of the root is useful in the treatment of gonorrhea, which is a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra. Its bruised leaves are used locally for eczema, a generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages. The plant is moreover, used as a sudorific and febrifuge and is recommended in eruptive fevers. It is also used as an antidote for snake-poison and as a lactagogue (enhance production of mother’s breastmilk). In addition, the plant is used as an expectorant and to relieve breathing in acute bronchitis. And the root is known elsewhere as an effective diuretic. It is also useful in treatment of menorrhagia, an abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged. Source: http://www. foodrecap. net/health/uray-benefits/ Because of its valuable nutrition, some farmers grow amaranth today and it is seen a potentially important agricultural crop of the future. However, their moderately high content of oxalic acid inhibits the absorption of calcium and zinc, and also means that they should be avoided or eaten in moderation by people with kidney disorders, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis. Reheating cooked amaranth greens is often discouraged, particularly for consumption by small children, as the nitrates in the leaves can be converted to nitrites, similarly to spinach. Kulitis, more nutritious than spinach Due to its similar flavor to spinach, the leaves of Kulitis (Amaranthus viridis Linn. ) are a good substitute. It is also called amaranth, Chinese spinach, tampala and pigweed. This vegetable is known as a symbol for immortality due to the longevity of its flowers because, after they are picked, they retain their appearance and freshness long after. It can be found abundantly in the Philippines and can grow wild in wastelands, dry areas, and pastures. It is a self-sustaining plant species and is drought-resistant. It is sometimes considered a weed due to its unremarkable appearance and hardy nature. It has other varieties with colorful leaves (purple to yellow or red) that are often grown as ornamentals. The leaves are rich in Vitamins B and C, and the minerals, iron and calcium. It can be used for salads, soups, stews and saute dishes. On its health benefits, the poultices from the leaves of kulitis can be used to cure acne. It is also used in treating boils or abscesses and as a remedy for snake and scorpion bites. Leaf extracts are used in treating dysentry and have shown antiviral properties. Source: http://www. bar. gov. ph/digest-home/digest-archives/124-2010-3rd-4th-quarter/437-it-is-not-expensive-to-be-well-and-healthy-try-tahiku Kulitis (Chinese Spinach) Wonders and its Therapeutic Benefits If youre living here in Philippines you must be familiar with Kulitis (internationally known as Chinese Spinach or uray in tagalog) it grows in abundance on any soil, but especially loves loose clay loam soil generally found in rural areas. Did you know that aside for its cheap and affordable price, this indigenous vegetable is rich in dietary fiber, iron, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin and many more. 1. Prevention from Anemia Kulitis also known here as a herb that stops the bleeding it can treat internal bleeding and excessive menstruation remedy because of its iron content. 2. Asthma Yes, it can treat asthma just mix the leaves with water and boil it for a specific time. then drink. 3. Urinary troubles and diarrhea The leaves of kulitis has great benefits. It have considerable amount of potassium in the leaves that might explain kulitis diuretic properties. Also, the potassium maintains the proper electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body. 4. Bowel movement -kulitis have high fiber content which helps remove the toxins and eliminate waste 5. Breastfeeding Kulitis also contains calcium, phosphorus, and iron which helps in enhancing production of mothers breastmilk. Source:http://www. bubblews. com/news/372912-kulitis-chinese-spinach-wonders-and-its-therapeutic-benefits Chapter III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researcher present the materials and the procedure on the phytochemical screening conducted. The researcher prepared 100 grams of Kulitis leaves, 100 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol, 2 beakers or Erlenmeyer flasks, 10 test tubes , 1 test tube rack, 1 L distilled water , pair of scissors, 1 tray, roll of foil, cotton, gauze, tape , sulfuric acid, Dragendorff’s solution , Mayer’s regent, Wagner’s regent, Ferric acid, diluted hydrolic acid, Fehling’s B for the phytochemical screening. In the preparation of the phytochemical screening of Kulitis leaves , the researcher did some steps to ready the leaves. First, the researchers clean the leaves with natural water then, with distilled water. After cleaning the leaves , it must be dried under the heat of the sun. Then, cut it into 1 cm thick. Prepare the 95% ethyl alcohol, beaker, cotton, gauze, foil. Place the leaves in the beaker and soak it in 95% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours (2 days) and place the gauze and cotton at the top of the beaker then cover it and tape it. After 48 hours, the soaked leaves are extracted. The extract must be placed in another beaker and cover it again with cotton, gauze, foil. The extract must be refrigerated to avoid having molds. 1. Test for Sterols and Tipertenes (Lieberman-Berchard Test) A 10mL Kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in 10mL acetic anhydride. The soluble portions were decanted and 1-2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Green color is observed,either immediately or solely going to red or blue tones. A pink to red color is indicative of tipernoids while a blue color is indicative of steroids. 2. Test of Flavonoids One (1)mL Kulitis leaves extract was treated with 1mL 10 % hydrolic acid and few Magnesium turnings were added . Formation of red color is the present of flavonoids. 3. Test of Alkaloids Each Kulitis leaves extract with 1% HCl and drops of Mayer’s Reagent of Wagner’ Reagent were added to the filtered acid extract. A cream colored precipitate is observed in the case of Mayer’s Rgt. while a reddish brown precipitate is observed in the case of Wagner’s Rgt. Formula of Mayer’s Rgt. : Weight 1. 58g of mercuric chloride was dissolved in 60mL distilled water. On the other hand,5g of potassium iodine was added in 10mL distilled water. The two solution were mixed and diluted to 100mL with distilled water. Formula for Wagner’s Rgt. : Weight 1. 3g crystals and 2. 0g of potassium iodine were placed in a sufficient amount of distilled water to make a total volume of 100mL was dissolved. 4. Test for Tannins Each Kulitis leaves extract was extracted with hot water and the aqueous extract was then filtered. Upon addition of 5-10 drops of ferric chloride test solution to the filtrate. A dark color and precipitate forms which may either be black, green or blue green. 5. Test for Saponins Each Kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in hot water. The aqueous extract when shaken vigorously. The froth honey comb in nature should perish for at least 30 minutes. 6. Test of Glycosides Each kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in hot water and the filtered. The filtrate was subjected froe glycosides test. 2mL sample was placed in each two test tubes. 1mL of diluted hydrochloric acid was added to test tube 1. Nothing was added to test tube 2. The test tubes were placed in boiling water bath for 5 min. Then the test tubes were cooled. The sample were both neutralized with anhydrous sodium carbonate until no more effervescence is produce. The one mL of Fehling’s B was added to test tube 1. One ml of Fehling’s solution was added to test 2. The tubes were heated in water bath for 2 mins. Observe the brick red precipitate that formed. An increase in the amount of brick red precipitate in the hydrolyzed sample (the sample to which diluted acid was added) as compared to the other sample indicates the presence of the glycosides. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Folk Medicine of the Nilgiri Hills in Southern India,S. Rajan and M. Sethuraman, ©2008,pp. 99 Unpublished Thesis: Unpublished Thesis Book, Latoja, Unabia,and Dearos,2010 Unpublished Thesis Book, Concon, Pasawilan,and Gunay,2010 Internet: http://www. pinoy-entrepreneur. com/2010/08/03/amaranth-or-kulitis-production/ Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. Essay Example Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. Paper A Biological Research Submitted to the Research Center Alabel National Science High School Regional Science High School for Region XII Alabel, Sarangani Province Submitted by: Shaira Mae M. Yamon Fourth Year- Diamond Submitted to: SHIELA P. BUTIL, Ph. D. Research Adviser August 5, 2013 ? Chapter I Introduction A. Background of the Study Amaranth (Amaranthus) or Pigweed popularly known as Kulitis or Uray here in the Philippines is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs that has been used for many years here and in other countries. Amaranth has significant nutritious content and can be used in many tasty recipes in place of wheat or other grains. Amaranth can grow up to seven feet tall (about 2. 1 meters), although most plants are five feet (about 1. 5 meters) or less. Amaranth plants have broad leaves and a flower head, with tiny seeds galore. The leaves come in many colors, including white, green, orange, pink, and red. Amaranth grain has high fiber, calcium, and iron content. It has a relatively high concentration of other vitamins as well, including magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese, and a nearly complete set of amino acids, which you won’t find in many other grains. The leaves of amaranth are a good source of nutrition as well, with high concentrations of vitamins A, B6, and C; riboflavin; and foliate. Minerals found in amaranth greens include calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, copper, and manganese. We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Phytochemical Analysis of Amaranthus Viridis L. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Several studies have shown that amaranth seed or oil may benefit those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease; regular consumption reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while improving antioxidant status and some immune parameters. In traditional medicine Amaranth is especially recommended for people with a low red blood cell count. Amaranth is one of the most delicious leafy vegetables. It is a good crop for greens especially during the summer months when it is hard to grow and other kinds of vegetables. Amaranth is used in stews, sinigang and other dishes wherever spinach (Spinacea oleracea L). Many wild Amaranthus species are used as pot herbs. Used as ornamentals are A. tricolor forms with red, yellow and green colored leaves or leaf sections and A. cruentus with large bright red inflorescences. Amaranthus weeds are used as for fodder (pigweed). Vegetable amaranths are recommended as a good food with medicinal properties for young children, lactating mothers and for patients with fever, hemorrhage, anemia or kidney complaints. The wild A. spinosus L. used as a depurative against venereal diseases and as dressing on boils. B. Objectives of the Study Generally this study aims to identify bioactive compounds present in Amaranth or Kulitis by Phytochemical screening. Specifically, this study seeks to: a. Know the property of Kulitis plant b. Know the visibility of the plant in curing such complicated disease. c. Determines the capability of the plant as a herbal medicine. C. Significance of the study This study will be conducted and will undergo phytochemical screening examination. This is to determine its compound that in the future studies, it will be a great help for people in the society, especially to people who have snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. Snake bites and scorpion stings are dangerous because of the venom it carries. The information gathered in this study will also help the scientific community in analyzing the possibilities of making any pharmaceutical products out of the said plant. Finally, this study will help the future researchers to conduct other possible uses of Kulitis (Amaranthus spinosus L. ) that would also be beneficial to the human health. D. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study is focused only in the analysis of Kulitis Leaves Extract and why it can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. The study does not cover Feasibility study on the other plant extract and other toxicity level. E. Hypothesis H0: There is no component in the Kulitis Leaves Extract that can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. Hi: There is a component in the Kulitis Leaves Extract that can possibly cure snake bites and scorpion stings, acne, stomach problems, constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy. F. Definition of terms 1. Kultis -is a bushy plant with broad, green leaves. It grows up to 4 feet tall in the garden. They are ready to be harvested in 5 to 6 weeks after planting them in the garden. They grow practically wild in the garden because they have so many seeds when it matures. The seeds are grown as grain in other countries like India and is a valuable source of protein. It contains the amino acids lysine and methionine. 2. )Phytochemical Analysis -is peer review of a study. It is devoted to the publication of original articles on the utilization of analytical methodology in the plant sciences. The spectrum of coverage is broad, encompassing methods and techniques relevant to the extraction, separation, purification, identification and qualification of substances in plant biochemistry, plant cellular and molecular biology, plant biotechnology, the food sciences, agriculture and horticulture. 3). Amaranthus is the scientific name of Kulitis CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Kulitis Kulitis (Amaranthus viridis L. ) is alleged to originate from the lowland Tropical South and Central America and it was introduced into other warm places of the world. This weed is mostly found on roadsides and wastelands. It has a wide variety of distribution in all tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Southeast Asia, including the United States of America. Amaranth has significant nutritious content and can be used in many tasty recipes in place of wheat or other grains. Amaranth can grow up to seven feet tall (about 2. 1 meters), although most plants are five feet (about 1. 5 meters) or less. Amaranth plants have broad leaves and a flower head, with tiny seeds galore. The leaves come in many colors, including white, green, orange, pink,andred. It is highly adapted under lowland condition. Grow well at day temperatures above 250? C and night temperatures not lower than 150? C. Amaranthus are quantitative short day plants. It consumes high amount of water and uses 6 mm/day. Amaranthus prefers fertile, well drained soils with a loose structure. Amaranth is propagated by seeds. Depending on the cultivar, photoperiod and cultural practices, flowering may start 4-8 weeks after sowing then the seeds mature after 3-4 months (it will serve as the source of planting materials). However, A. dubius will continue its generative stage for a much longer period and when cut regularly, the plant may become shrubby and perennial but even at its mature stage the leaves are succulent which is suitable for consumption as vegetables. Amaranth is recognized as an easy to grow and very productive crop. It is probably the highest yielding leaf vegetable of the tropics with its excellent nutritional value thus of high importance for human consumption and as a cheap green vegetables for city dwellers. Research should focus on optimization of cultural practices, effective pest control with fewer residues and plant nutrition. Source: http://www. pinoy-entrepreneur. com/2010/08/03/amaranth-or-kulitis-production/ Uses and Importance of Kulitis Kulitis is one of the most nutritious leafy vegetables. It is used in stews, sinigang and other dishes whenever spinach (Spinaceae oleraceae L. is not available. Many wild Amaranthus species are used as pot herbs. Used as ornamentals are A. tricolor forms with red, yellow and green-colored leaves or leaf sections and A. cruentus with large bright red inflorescences. Kulitis weeds are used as fodder (pigweed). Vegetable amaranths have medicinal properties good for young children, lac tating mothers and patients with fever, hemorrhage, anemia or kidney problems. The wild A. spinosus L. is used as a cure against venereal diseases and as dressing on boils. Source:http://cagayandeoro. da. gov. ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/KULITIS. pdf Kulitis is very rich in iron therefore it is a good supplement of it. When someone has anemea, kulitis is just as good. It also contains Vitamin C which is the best immune system boost and calcium which is needed for strong bones. Iron is absorbed by the body in the presence of Vitamin C. Since this plant contains both, vitamin C supplement is not needed at all. Source:http://gaga-oly-herbalmedicine. blogspot. com/2011/11/chinese-spinach-kulitis. html Medicinal Uses of Kulitis Amaranth seeds and leaves are a very good source of vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin B6, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate, and dietary minerals includingcalcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, and manganese. Both the seeds and leaf are high in protein, including the amino acid lysine. Amaranth seeds, like buckwheat and quinoa, contain protein that is unusually complete for plant sources. Like quinoa, another staple crop of pre-Colombian cultures, amaranth contains the essential amino acid lysine, which is deficient in wheat and barley. Most fruits and vegetables do not contain a complete set of amino acids, and thus different sources of protein must be used. Several studies have shown that like oats, amaranth seed or oil may be of benefit for those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease; regular consumption reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while improving antioxidant status and some immune. While the active ingredient in oats appears to be water-soluble fiber, amaranth appears to lower cholesterol via its content of plant stanols and squalene. There are many other medicinal uses found in Kulitis that only a few know. The decoction of the root is useful in the treatment of gonorrhea, which is a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra. Its bruised leaves are used locally for eczema, a generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages. The plant is moreover, used as a sudorific and febrifuge and is recommended in eruptive fevers. It is also used as an antidote for snake-poison and as a lactagogue (enhance production of mother’s breastmilk). In addition, the plant is used as an expectorant and to relieve breathing in acute bronchitis. And the root is known elsewhere as an effective diuretic. It is also useful in treatment of menorrhagia, an abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged. Source: http://www. foodrecap. net/health/uray-benefits/ Because of its valuable nutrition, some farmers grow amaranth today and it is seen a potentially important agricultural crop of the future. However, their moderately high content of oxalic acid inhibits the absorption of calcium and zinc, and also means that they should be avoided or eaten in moderation by people with kidney disorders, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis. Reheating cooked amaranth greens is often discouraged, particularly for consumption by small children, as the nitrates in the leaves can be converted to nitrites, similarly to spinach. Kulitis, more nutritious than spinach Due to its similar flavor to spinach, the leaves of Kulitis (Amaranthus viridis Linn. ) are a good substitute. It is also called amaranth, Chinese spinach, tampala and pigweed. This vegetable is known as a symbol for immortality due to the longevity of its flowers because, after they are picked, they retain their appearance and freshness long after. It can be found abundantly in the Philippines and can grow wild in wastelands, dry areas, and pastures. It is a self-sustaining plant species and is drought-resistant. It is sometimes considered a weed due to its unremarkable appearance and hardy nature. It has other varieties with colorful leaves (purple to yellow or red) that are often grown as ornamentals. The leaves are rich in Vitamins B and C, and the minerals, iron and calcium. It can be used for salads, soups, stews and saute dishes. On its health benefits, the poultices from the leaves of kulitis can be used to cure acne. It is also used in treating boils or abscesses and as a remedy for snake and scorpion bites. Leaf extracts are used in treating dysentry and have shown antiviral properties. Source: http://www. bar. gov. ph/digest-home/digest-archives/124-2010-3rd-4th-quarter/437-it-is-not-expensive-to-be-well-and-healthy-try-tahiku Kulitis (Chinese Spinach) Wonders and its Therapeutic Benefits If youre living here in Philippines you must be familiar with Kulitis (internationally known as Chinese Spinach or uray in tagalog) it grows in abundance on any soil, but especially loves loose clay loam soil generally found in rural areas. Did you know that aside for its cheap and affordable price, this indigenous vegetable is rich in dietary fiber, iron, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin and many more. 1. Prevention from Anemia Kulitis also known here as a herb that stops the bleeding it can treat internal bleeding and excessive menstruation remedy because of its iron content. 2. Asthma Yes, it can treat asthma just mix the leaves with water and boil it for a specific time. then drink. 3. Urinary troubles and diarrhea The leaves of kulitis has great benefits. It have considerable amount of potassium in the leaves that might explain kulitis diuretic properties. Also, the potassium maintains the proper electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body. 4. Bowel movement -kulitis have high fiber content which helps remove the toxins and eliminate waste 5. Breastfeeding Kulitis also contains calcium, phosphorus, and iron which helps in enhancing production of mothers breastmilk. Source:http://www. bubblews. com/news/372912-kulitis-chinese-spinach-wonders-and-its-therapeutic-benefits Chapter III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researcher present the materials and the procedure on the phytochemical screening conducted. The researcher prepared 100 grams of Kulitis leaves, 100 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol, 2 beakers or Erlenmeyer flasks, 10 test tubes , 1 test tube rack, 1 L distilled water , pair of scissors, 1 tray, roll of foil, cotton, gauze, tape , sulfuric acid, Dragendorff’s solution , Mayer’s regent, Wagner’s regent, Ferric acid, diluted hydrolic acid, Fehling’s B for the phytochemical screening. In the preparation of the phytochemical screening of Kulitis leaves , the researcher did some steps to ready the leaves. First, the researchers clean the leaves with natural water then, with distilled water. After cleaning the leaves , it must be dried under the heat of the sun. Then, cut it into 1 cm thick. Prepare the 95% ethyl alcohol, beaker, cotton, gauze, foil. Place the leaves in the beaker and soak it in 95% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours (2 days) and place the gauze and cotton at the top of the beaker then cover it and tape it. After 48 hours, the soaked leaves are extracted. The extract must be placed in another beaker and cover it again with cotton, gauze, foil. The extract must be refrigerated to avoid having molds. 1. Test for Sterols and Tipertenes (Lieberman-Berchard Test) A 10mL Kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in 10mL acetic anhydride. The soluble portions were decanted and 1-2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Green color is observed,either immediately or solely going to red or blue tones. A pink to red color is indicative of tipernoids while a blue color is indicative of steroids. 2. Test of Flavonoids One (1)mL Kulitis leaves extract was treated with 1mL 10 % hydrolic acid and few Magnesium turnings were added . Formation of red color is the present of flavonoids. 3. Test of Alkaloids Each Kulitis leaves extract with 1% HCl and drops of Mayer’s Reagent of Wagner’ Reagent were added to the filtered acid extract. A cream colored precipitate is observed in the case of Mayer’s Rgt. while a reddish brown precipitate is observed in the case of Wagner’s Rgt. Formula of Mayer’s Rgt. : Weight 1. 58g of mercuric chloride was dissolved in 60mL distilled water. On the other hand,5g of potassium iodine was added in 10mL distilled water. The two solution were mixed and diluted to 100mL with distilled water. Formula for Wagner’s Rgt. : Weight 1. 3g crystals and 2. 0g of potassium iodine were placed in a sufficient amount of distilled water to make a total volume of 100mL was dissolved. 4. Test for Tannins Each Kulitis leaves extract was extracted with hot water and the aqueous extract was then filtered. Upon addition of 5-10 drops of ferric chloride test solution to the filtrate. A dark color and precipitate forms which may either be black, green or blue green. 5. Test for Saponins Each Kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in hot water. The aqueous extract when shaken vigorously. The froth honey comb in nature should perish for at least 30 minutes. 6. Test of Glycosides Each kulitis leaves extract was dissolved in hot water and the filtered. The filtrate was subjected froe glycosides test. 2mL sample was placed in each two test tubes. 1mL of diluted hydrochloric acid was added to test tube 1. Nothing was added to test tube 2. The test tubes were placed in boiling water bath for 5 min. Then the test tubes were cooled. The sample were both neutralized with anhydrous sodium carbonate until no more effervescence is produce. The one mL of Fehling’s B was added to test tube 1. One ml of Fehling’s solution was added to test 2. The tubes were heated in water bath for 2 mins. Observe the brick red precipitate that formed. An increase in the amount of brick red precipitate in the hydrolyzed sample (the sample to which diluted acid was added) as compared to the other sample indicates the presence of the glycosides. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Folk Medicine of the Nilgiri Hills in Southern India,S. Rajan and M. Sethuraman, ©2008,pp. 99 Unpublished Thesis: Unpublished Thesis Book, Latoja, Unabia,and Dearos,2010 Unpublished Thesis Book, Concon, Pasawilan,and Gunay,2010 Internet: http://www. pinoy-entrepreneur. com/2010/08/03/amaranth-or-kulitis-production/

New England and Chesapeake two distinct regions essays

New England and Chesapeake two distinct regions essays Even though New England and the Chesapeake region were both originally settled by the majority of people of English origin, by the 1700s the two areas advanced into two distinct societies. There were many different reasons why these differences in developing the colonists new society occurred. One of three main reasons being the two regions differed because they held unlike motives for settling in the first place. Another example the two regions differed would be due to the different types of settlers who emigrated to the Chesapeake and New England region. Diverse forms of government would be also a main reason why the two regions differed. With the difference in types of settlers, their motives for settling, and even the form of government they chose to run their settlements is why these differences in development of the two regions occurred. With every settler who dared to cross the vast Atlantic Ocean from England came different motives to even attempt the journey. John Winthrop, leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states, We must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken... We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God. In saying this he proves that one of the main reasons why him and the people on his ship came over was to make an ideal Christian community. They founded the New England area to create this model society to be looked upon by others as if placed there by God. If they were to run their idyllic community the wrong way they would ...shame the faces of many of Gods worth servants, and curses their prayers to be turned into curses upon [them]. John Winthrop and his Puritan followers main motive for settlement was for religious freedom, where as John Smith and h is gang of men settled the Chesapeake region to reap the financia...

Alcoholics and Liver Transplants

Cohen and Martin do not believe that someone that has induced this disease by alcohol abuse is no less deserving of a liver transplant than someone that takes care of their self. They support the moral argument by stating, â€Å"If alcoholics should be penalized because of their moral fault, then all others who are equally at fault in causing their own medical needs should be similarly penalized†. One of the medical arguments that the authors combat is that liver transplants performed on alcoholics have a lower success rate then non-alcoholics. Statistics are presented in the text to argue this notion which really strengthens this aspect of the argument. They also state that a candidate for any other procedure would not be excluded because of the risk of success rate. This argument rises and falls based on what side you’re on. One could assume that most people waiting for a liver, who have never had a drink in their life would be very reluctant to side with this argument. However, an alcoholic or recovering alcoholic that needed a liver would more than likely be behind this passage all the way. One of the weaknesses of this argument was the comparisons that were made with other procedures. A reason why a doctor may be reluctant to transplant a liver to an alcoholic is the scarcity of the organ itself so comparing it to another organ that may be more abundant is asinine. Overall, this argument was moderately effective for the aforementioned reasons but I do not personally agree with the sentiments of the authors.

Role of Transaction Cost in Intermediation Process Assignment

Role of Transaction Cost in Intermediation Process - Assignment Example For instance, when the bank acts as intermediary it connects individuals with different needs, financial inputs at different point of time. It allows people to save money into various accounts like savings account, time deposits, salary account, pension funds, and so on. After the bank accepts deposits from an individual it invests that sum into projects which have returns greater than or equal to the cost of investment which is also the bank’s liability. Now, if any corporate or individual approaches the bank for loan, the bank will charge interest on that loan. This interest will increase the transaction cost of the individual or corporate. The interest charged on loans by the bank on the borrower will obviously higher than what the bank has to pay to the depositors. This is because in order to operate in the market and serve the community it has to maintain a profit margin for all transaction which otherwise would lead to collapse of business. The advantage that an individu al or a corporate will get from an intermediation process is that the credit risk is transferred from individual borrower to the bank. This is because when a corporate raises funds from market directly without any intermediation, the credit risk of parties to transaction has to be evaluated personally. This is true in case of over-the-counter markets where the contracts are much customised according to individual requirements and parties to contract enter into agreement with each other without any intermediary. This reduces their transaction cost but also increases the credit risk. When an intermediary is introduced in the same model as in case of exchange traded funds, the transaction cost increases due to brokerage charges, maintenance fee, printing and advertising charges, commissions, and so on. The various costs are passed on to the fund raiser and hence decreasing the transaction cost of the individual from intermediation process (Buckle and Thompson, 2004, p.37). From the abo ve discussion, the role of transaction cost in the intermediation can be summarised as follows. The intermediation process aims to connect the individuals with surplus funds with individuals with deficit funds in order to channel funds properly in the economic system. In the process of intermediation the individuals and corporate is able to reduce search cost of raising funds, verification cost, monitoring cost, and credit worthiness of the parties involved in transaction. Since the intermediary provides these services, it charges a fee or commission for providing these services which increases the cost of transaction from intermediation process but such cost is much less compared to the benefit from intermediations (Mishkin and Eakins, 1998, p.369). For instance, the banks offer standardised services and products that reduce cost of transaction and the risk of investment. The OTC market mainly operates without intermediation and is hence a much more risky option. Role of Asymmetric Information in Intermediation Process In order to understand the role of asymmetric information in the intermediation process, it is important to understand the concept of asymmetric information. Asymmetric information arises from a situation when one party to transaction has more information compared to the other. This is generally

Sociology - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology - Social Psychology - Essay Example 1) The basic criticism against functionalism is that there is no place for change in the society and it views it as static. This is not true in the real world where changes are occurring rapidly. Similarly, it does not attempt to explain the causes of certain effects in the society and hence it is of little use where causes identification is necessary. The strength of this theory is that it focuses on unity and it is indeed very necessary for proper functioning of the society. It also talks about cohesion which is fundamental of any society.. 4) The strengths of this theory are that it explains that functioning of the society is a two-way process and is based on social interaction. Since it is based on social interaction, the society works in cohesion and unity. The weakness of this theory is that it ignores macro-level issues focusing only on small things. It also believes that institution exerts pressure on individual's interaction. 5) A theory that states that certain characteristics are attributed or labeled as positive or negative to acts, people or traditions, by people in authority in the society. If education is labeled as something positive then people will try to acquire education so that they are not viewed as deviant. This will result in better jobs and living standard for a person and society will be better off. References: Horton, Paul and Hunt, Chester. (1980). Sociology. McGraw-Hill

Packed Milk Essay Example for Free

Packed Milk Essay For the calorie conscious and the weight conscious users of dairy products there is some good news from the topmost brand in Indian dairy products—‘Amul. ’ Its recent introductions include ‘Amul Lite’ –a low-calorie bread spread and ‘Amul Lite and Trim Milk’—a long life skimmed milk with zero fat content. ‘Amul Lite’—low-fat, low-calorie and low-cholesterol bread spread—is a healthier substitute for other bread spreads such as butter and margarine which have at least 26% more fat and calorie content. The total fat content in ‘Amul Lite’ is 59% as compared to 80% in butter and margarine. And, the calorie content in 100 grams of ‘Amul Lite’ is 531 as compared to 720 calories in butter and margarine of equal quantity. Being a low-fat, low-cholesterol bread spread, ‘Amul Lite’ is particularly suited to those for whom consumption of high cholesterol and high saturated fat products are restricted. Its low-fat and low-cholesterol content reduces chances of heart ailments as it is low on saturated fat and high on PUFA, Omega-3 and Omega-6 fat contents which help to maintain healthy cholesterol levels. It is further fortified with Vitamin A and Vitamin D which help to improve vision and healthy skin. For a start, ‘Amul Lite’ has been introduced in 200gms plastic containers which cost Rs. 32. 00 each. The shelf life of â€Å"Amul Lite’ is six months under refrigerated conditions. ‘Amul Lite’ is produced in ISO-9000 certified fully-automated plant under strict hygienic conditions and it carries the AGMARK quality certification. ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ is a fresh, long life skimmed milk processed with Ultra High Temperature (UHT) technology which does not involve use of any preservatives. The UHT technology preserves maximum flavour, taste and nutritional value of milk simultaneously ensuring zero microbial activation. Protected from air and light through aseptic packaging system, ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ offers a shelf life of 6 months without refrigeration. ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ is rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals of natural milk with zero fat and cholesterol content. It is available in 1 liter, 500ml and 200ml tetra packs. ‘Amul’ is the brand name of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Limited (GCMMF) which revolutionized the production and distribution of diary products in India and became a model for development of dairy cooperatives in India. The brand name has become so popular that today the cooperative is recognized by its brand name. According to data provided by the cooperative, the ‘Amul’ milk processing plants have a handling capacity of 10. 16 million liters per day and the turnover of the cooperative for the year 2006-2007 was 42,778 million rupees or 1,050 million US dollars. ‘Amul’ has an amazing range of dairy products which include butter, bread spread, a variety of cheese, sweets, fresh milk, fresh cream, ghee (clarified butter), infant milk and milk food, milk powder, condensed milk, diary whiteners, curd products, ice creams, chocolates, malted milk food (brown beverage), flavoured milk, cold coffee and health beverage. ‘Amul’ is the largest exporter of Indian dairy products with a ‘Trading House’ status. It exports ghee, butter, curd products, sweets, brown beverage, infant milk food, cheese, malai paneer and long life milk and fresh cream to the United States of America, gulf countries and Singapore. Recently, ‘Amul’ embarked on a direct retailing venture by creating ‘Amul Utterly Delicious’ parlours in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Delhi, Mumbai and Surat. AMUL BECOMES INDIA’S LARGEST FOOD BUSINESS Amul, a brand of the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), an apex body of 13 milk co-operatives, has clocked a turnover of Rs 4,300 crores ($1. 2 billion) during fiscal 2006-07 to become a billion-dollar entity. The results will be formally declared within a couple of days. The ambitious federation has now set its eyes on the Rs 10,000-crore mark over the next three years. It took four decades to Amul to become Rs 2,000-crore entity. But, the turnover doubled to over Rs 4,300 crores within nine years from 1999 to 2007. GCMMF has several successful marketing campaigns in India. Amul butter girl is one of the longest run ad campaigns in the country. The federation sold liquid milk worth Rs 1,200 crores in fiscal 2006-07 and aims to cross Rs 1,500-crore mark in FY 2007-8.

History of the Apollo Program Essay -- space shuttle program apollo mi

We choose to go to the moon... "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon, and returning him, safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult of expensive to accomplish."(John F. Kennedy - "Special Joint Session of Congress", May 25th, 1961) With just a few words John F. Kennedy launched one of the largest endeavors that America has ever embarked upon. The address given to congress in May of 1961 put America in a race against Russia to see who could make it to the moon first. This was the start of the space program in America. From it came the Mercury Project with the goal to put the first man into space. The Mercury project launched 26, rockets of which only six were manned flights. The Mercury program put the first American into space on February 20, 1962. John H. Glenn, Jr. was the first American into space. He was the first man to orbit the earth. A claim that Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space (April 12, 1961),can't make. The Russians did circle the earth in space but not in orbit. When John Glenn took off in the Mercury-Atlas 6 rocket, named Friendship 7, he made history. It was less then one year after the challenge of John F. Kennedy to place a man on the moon. The flight lasted for only 04 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Still in that short time John Glenn went around earth three times, and became an American hero. The Mercury project was finished with the launch of the Mercury-Atlas 9 rocket, named Faith 7, launched May 15,1963. Faith 7 held only one passenger, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.. He spent 34 hours, 19 minutes, ... ...and right now final record. They also gathered 234 pounds (110.4kg) of material form the moon. There was also the performance of the trans-Earth EVA that was done by Ronald Evans it lasted 01 hour, 06 minutes. With the splash down of the Apollo XVII module our days on the moon ended. The last time that a man walked on the moon I was not born. There has not been a flight to the moon for over 30 years. I personally feel that this is a true tragedy. I have seen it written that if the Apollo program had continued to receive funding as it had in the early 70’s we would have a base on the moon. If so we would have unmanned lunar Modules to bring supplies to the moon. These may be dreams but as someone that has grown up in the space age I feel that we could achieve these dreams if we really wanted to. I hope that some day, before I am to old, we return to the moon.

On Being an Atheist Essay

In this article McCloskey writes what he believes as truth in the world we live in. He states that theists believe in a God and that they have â€Å"proofs† that this God exists. In the article he addresses these â€Å"proofs† and in a very academic and respectful way tears them down. He attempts to eliminate all possibilities of the existence of God, through what he calls â€Å"reasons why I believe that atheism is a much more comfortable belief than theism, and why theist should be miserable just because they are theists.† The first issue that McCloskey references to is the â€Å"proofs† that Christians hold to prove that God exist, but as we learned in one of our PointeCast presentations, the reasons Christians believe in God are not exactly proofs, because they cannot scientifically or in any way prove to a point that God does in fact exist. These reasons are arguments, theories and carefully thought out propositions that try their hardest to justify what we believe in. Because of this McCloskey argues that humans should give up on the notion that God exists, yet since there also no way to prove that God does not exist, McCloskey is defeated by his own logic. So if humans are to give up on both the notion that there is or is not a God, then that leaves us with nothing whatsoever to believe in. There is no way to prove that God does or does not exist, what I might believe to be a strong argument for the existence of God, and atheist such as McCloskey might deem nonsense. These â€Å"proofsâ₠¬  are simply and objective argument for the existence of God, thus have to be taken as valid argument, propositions, and theory and not as tangible proof. McCloskey dissects three major arguments being the cosmological proof, the  theological proof, and the argument from design. He takes all these arguments and picks them apart for both atheist and theist to see what he is trying to prove. In all honesty in some cases in these arguments of his I can see what he is trying to prove, yet in the end I have no sense of what he has accomplished with his arguments if he himself cannot prove that God does not exist. The first argument that McCloskey addresses is the Cosmological proof. He states that we cannot possibly assume without proof on an â€Å"an all-powerful, all-perfect, uncaused cause† and to this notion I somewhat agree. The reason being is that this argument does not specify the qualities of a god that could create the universe as it is. Thus the argument simply states that there must have been a first cause or there would have been infinite regress, or in other words gods and that is what the argument is trying to avoid. The next argument that McCloskey addresses is the Theological proof. He states that there cannot be indisputable proofs and examples of design that the whole argument becomes invalid. In this case he is again defeated by his own logic; because once again there is no way that any arguments attempting to prove that God does not exist are indisputable as well. In the world we live we must believe in what we as individuals take to as truth, since there is no possible way that a person can prove or disprove that God does or does not exist. McCloskey is attempting to support his arguments so hard that in the essence of itself he is defeating himself without realizing it. I believe that a perfect example of intelligent design is the human body. There is no possible way that such a complex and amazing creation came from a bunch of cells meshing together. Our bodies are built to live on the earth in a way that is amazingly thought out. The body is functioning, living organism in and of itself with thousands of different parts and pieces all working together to accomplish one goal: to live. The human body is the perfect example to show that intelligent design was indeed included in the universe and in the world today. Though this does not prove that there is one God, it does prove that there is a higher being that created what we are  today. I do not object to the thought of microevolution or even evolution itself, but I do not believe that evolution exterminates the need for intelligent design and a creator. Evolutionists believe that there exist the â€Å"perfect condition† as to what created the cosmos and the world around us, yet all the experiments to prove that this event took place have failed. Again there is the fact that we cannot prove or disprove this belief, while the experiments have failed; there is no way to go back in time and to prove that it indeed does not exist. Yet people must take into account that evolution does not cancel out God, in fact why couldn’t it have been God himself that created the â€Å"perfect condition† that brought into place evolution. McCloskey also addresses the fact that there is imperfection and evil in the world, he states that there could not possibly be a God who would allow this. First of all, the cosmological proof in itself does not tell us the characteristic of the creator, simply that there is one. Secondly a person who believes in God would tell you that there is evil in the world because God gave his creation the right to choose. The choice of the first man and woman of the world which God created chose to sin and brought evil into the world. There is also the fact that I believe McCloskey is being quite bold by stating that there is no divine purpose. After all he is simply a person in the world; he himself is not the creator and definitely does not have all the knowledge of the universe. The fact that McCloskey brings up the presence of evil is quite understandable. I completely understand where he is coming from and have had experiences in my own life with people like this. This is actually a very common argument among atheist and McCloskey is not an exception. It is sometimes hard to accept that fact that evil sometime does in fact fall into God’s Will, even some theist have trouble with the problem of evil when they themselves believe in a â€Å"good God†. In this argument I honestly have trouble as well. It is hard to justify a good person’s murder, or the rape of a young child, or the death of thousands because of a natural disaster. Yet in  the depths of my heart I personally believe that when God created the world it was not as such, it was perfect. When sin entered into the world it brought the evil as well. As for why God allows such evil to take place, that is a harder question and an even more difficult answer. I was brought up to believe that when God sees his creation in pain, it hurts him too; there have been times when I have questioned why God allows certain evils in our lives. The truth is there is no arguments that can make a person feel better in the face of child abuse, rape, murder, suicide, and even natural disasters, yet in the moments when people are hurting the most is when they turn to God. Thus I believe that is the way in which we see the reason there is evil in the world. God did not create the world with evil in place, but he did create a creation that could choose for their selves. Thus in essence the human race suffers from our own choices. McCloskey makes some very valid arguments yet I find that most of them stand empty handed. McCloskey also questions why God would not create a human race with free will to always to choose what is right. To this statement I honestly believe that would not be freewill. The reason that God created man with free will was so that he could love God of his own free will. If God had created man to the point where he could only choose what was good and right then in essence it would not have been free will at all. The beauty of having free will is the fact that God lets you choose, though he knows the choices that you will make, the choices are yours. Whether to love God or to reject God, free will cannot be controlled for then it would not be free will at all. At the end of his article McCloskey states that atheism is a much more comforting belief than theism. He uses the example of an ill child that was dying and that he would find no comfort in knowing there was a God. I on the other hand find that if there was no God and man was here on earth simply to be and that there was no reason for living that the death of a child would be unimportant. This might sounds very cruel but it is the truth. If there is no reason to live then dying is not much of an issue, since there is no afterlife simply the life we have here on earth. I find the fact of not knowing what will happen after death disconcerting. To know that when I die I will be in heaven with God is more than enough to help me through this  life on earth. Atheism to me is a sad religion with no reason for the existence of man. Heaven holds so much for the believer, peace, no pain, and an eternal home with God. Atheism to me is the religion that is the most miserable to live with, not theism. The greatest reason being that if there is no God, no afterlife, no salvation; then when death is on your doorsteps there is no hope only despair and fear of the nothingness beyond the grave. I cannot live believing there is no reason to live here on earth, knowing God loves and has a place for me in heaven is what helps me live on this Earth. References Craig, William L. Reasonable faith: Christian truth and apologetics. 3rd Ed. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2008. 71-90. Evans, C. S., Manis, R. Z. Philosophy of religion: Thinking about faith. 2nd Ed. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2009. McCloskey, H. J. Question 1: On being an atheist. 1968. 51-54.

Gwendolyn Brooks and Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay

Gwendolyn Brooks and Edwin Arlington Robinson are two out of many fine poets that have written inspiration poetry that has had an impact on our country. Gwendolyn Brooks achieved success at an early age. Brooks is best known for her lyrical style of urban poetry, such as the poem â€Å"We Real Cool†. Brooks was the first African-American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize for her poetry with the poem, â€Å"Annie Allen†. Edwin Arlington Robinson was the first person ever to receive the Pulitzer Prize in 1922. Robinson’s poetry did not capture the attention of the public until he was almost 50 years old. President Theodore Roosevelt discovered some of his poetry. He was so impressed that he offers him a clerk position at the New York Customs House. â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks and â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson demonstration how both authors compare/contrast in their poems as it relate to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. â€Å"We Real Cool† demonstrates how it relates to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. The poem relates to tragic ending in death. These teenagers explain how they engage in activities such as playing pool, drinking, and sinning. Though they believe they have everybody else fooled, they know themselves that the behavior will eventually lead to death. The poem is written in first person plural. It allows the pool players to speak for themselves and not allow the reader to draw their own assumptions. Also â€Å"We Real Cool† sends a learning message to the reader. The message that Brooks sends out is that what seems cool in someone else’s eye, isn’t cool in another, and it can lead to a destructive life. â€Å"Richard Cory† demonstrates how it related to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. The poems relate to tragic ending in death. Richard Cory is very successful in the view of the peers but in his own self judgment, he is inadequate to fulfill his purpose in life. So therefore, he commits suicide. Secondly, first person plural was not used in the poem. The town people are speaking about how they view Richard Cory. They do not know his personal struggles and only see the human side that he shows. They admire him and are quite envious of him. Thirdly, in the poem of â€Å"Richard Cory†, is sending a message that you cannot judge a book by its cover. Just because someone appears happy and wealthy does not mean that they are truly happy with their lifestyles. What one may perceive may be an allusion to the eye. Furthermore, a person must get to know a person to understand the views and thoughts. In conclusion, â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks and â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson demonstration how both authors compare/contrast in their poems as it relate to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. We observed that â€Å"Richard Cory† is straight forward, direct and has plenty of descriptions unlike the poem â€Å"We Real Cool†, that requires the reader to use their imagination. However, both poems rhyme. Both poems talks about the importance’s of education of how the advantages of staying in school can get you far or how it can hinder your life. Even though both authors were born in different time era, they both share the same struggles and disadvantages.

Free Essays on Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring Darwin and his wife Susannah, and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin. His mother died when he was eight years old, and he was brought up by his sister. He was taught the classics at Shrewsbury, then sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, which he hated. Like many modern students Darwin only excelled in subjects that intrigued him. Although his father was a physician, Darwin was uninterested in medicine and he was unable to stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually obtain a degree in theology from Cambridge University, although theology was of minor interest to him also. What Darwin really liked to do was tramp over the hills, observing plants and animals, collecting new specimens, scrutinizing their structures, and categorizing his findings, guided by his cousin William Darwin Fox, an entomologist. Darwin's scientific inclinations were encouraged by his botany professor, John Stevens Henslow, who was instrumental, despite heavy paternal opposition, in securing a place for Darwin as a naturalist on the surveying expedition of HMS Beagle to Patagonia. Under Captain Robert Fitzroy, Darwin visited Tenerife, the Cape Verde Island, Brazil, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Chile, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand, and Tasmania. In the Cape Verde Island Darwin devised his theory of coral reefs. Another significant stop on the trip was in the Galapagos Islands, it was here that Darwin found huge populations of tortoises and he found that different islands were home to significantly different types of tortoises. Darwin then found that on islands without tortoises, prickly pear cactus plants grew with their pads and fruits spread out over the ground. On islands that had hundreds of tortoises, the prickly pears grew substantially thick, tall trunks, bearing the pads and fruits high above the reach of the tough mouthed tortoises. Du... Free Essays on Charles Darwin Free Essays on Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring Darwin and his wife Susannah, and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin. His mother died when he was eight years old, and he was brought up by his sister. He was taught the classics at Shrewsbury, then sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, which he hated. Like many modern students Darwin only excelled in subjects that intrigued him. Although his father was a physician, Darwin was uninterested in medicine and he was unable to stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually obtain a degree in theology from Cambridge University, although theology was of minor interest to him also. What Darwin really liked to do was tramp over the hills, observing plants and animals, collecting new specimens, scrutinizing their structures, and categorizing his findings, guided by his cousin William Darwin Fox, an entomologist. Darwin's scientific inclinations were encouraged by his botany professor, John Stevens Henslow, who was instrumental, despite heavy paternal opposition, in securing a place for Darwin as a naturalist on the surveying expedition of HMS Beagle to Patagonia. Under Captain Robert Fitzroy, Darwin visited Tenerife, the Cape Verde Island, Brazil, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Chile, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand, and Tasmania. In the Cape Verde Island Darwin devised his theory of coral reefs. Another significant stop on the trip was in the Galapagos Islands, it was here that Darwin found huge populations of tortoises and he found that different islands were home to significantly different types of tortoises. Darwin then found that on islands without tortoises, prickly pear cactus plants grew with their pads and fruits spread out over the ground. On islands that had hundreds of tortoises, the prickly pears grew substantially thick, tall trunks, bearing the pads and fruits high above the reach of the tough mouthed tortoises. Du...

What's a good solution to the problem of bullying Stopping Mean Girls Essay

What's a good solution to the problem of bullying Stopping Mean Girls From Taking Over the Playground - Essay Example Both authors agree that the problem is made worse by parents who enable their daughters and take pride in their being â€Å"top dog† in schools and the playground. These parents are actually missing the point. Their daughters are not growing up to be empowered individuals because they do not live in a world where a check and balance exists with punishements for grevious acts such as playground or school bullying that leads another little girl to take her own life. Mean girl bullying is a real problem that has yet to find a workable solution. Through this paper, I would like to present certain suggestions as to how the problem might be best dealt with with or without the cooperation of the parents of the bully / mean girl. According to Jessica Bennett, the problem of mean girl behavior has gotten so out of hand lately that, due to the fact that it has already caused the deaths of a number of young girls through suicide, authorities should consider turning bullying resulting in death into a crime. Maybe with a punishment of 10 years in jail (Bennett, Jessica â€Å"From Lockers to Lock-Up†). Due to the behavior of the girls involved in the Pheobe Prince case, she might be suggesting an action that makes sense. However, before judgement is passed upon the mean girl, one should first look at the history of the mean girl in order to find out if she is merely acting out or actually beyond help. Maybe the relational agression that is being displayed has something to do with the family life of the girl. According to sources at the website KidsHealth, most bullies come from: ... families where everyone is angry and shouting all the time. They may think that being angry, calling names, and pushing people around is a normal way to act. Some bullies are copying what they've seen someone else do. Some have been bullied themselves (â€Å"Dealing with Bullies†). Taking a cue from that statement, it is important for school authorities, specially the guidanc e counselors to keep an open line of communication with the mean girls or bullies in order to determine the source of aggression. Since women are more docile in nature, even when with peers of her own age, and tend to be more influenced by their mothers actions, it is quite possible that the victim and mean girl are acting out roles based upon their own mother's actions and advice. In which case, it is important to inform the girls about the repercussions of their actions and the fact that no girl is expected to act in the same manner as their mothers. The school authorities should also ensure that anti-bullying programs are in place in school as well. Perhaps reimposing classes in good manners and right conduct are in order. Such classes teach students the proper way to treat one another and their elders as opposed to the â€Å"Kardashian† type of treating one another or even the â€Å"Gossip Girl† type of friendships. Since most of these girls are easily influenced b y the entertainment media, most specially the reality shows, they should be taught to tell the difference between reality and â€Å"entertainment reality† â€Å"Growing Old Younger† may be the hip word among the girls these days but just because they know how to act mature does not mean they are mature. They are totally unprepared for real life and think that by play acting, in the same manner that the television shows portray, they are actually aging faster (Paul, Pamela â€Å"The Playground Gets Even Tougher†). The Girl Scouts of America actually have an anti-bullying program that could benefit the public and private schools called â€Å"Be a Friend First† (BFF). This program teaches young girls to stand up for one another with bullies and encourages them to become part of the solution to the mean girl problem by using tools that

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the Essay

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the End of Detente - Essay Example Among these treaties and agreements were the SALT 1, SALT II and the Helsinki Agreement which committed both countries to stop the production of missiles and nuclear weapons4. In 1979, Soviet invaded Afghanistan and this led to the total breakdown of the detente5. However, I consider that Afghanistan invasion as an occasion but not the ultimate cause to the end of detente. This is informed by an evaluation of the causes of Afghanistan invasion and the relations between the two superpowers preceding the invasion. Causes of Afghanistan Invasion In 1779 After the end of the Second World War, United States and Soviet Union were engrossed in arms race. Consequently, the two nations decided to come to start negotiations to limit the number of missiles and nuclear weapons that they could keep. These negotiations were held in two phases; SALT I which ran from 1969 to 1972 which culminated with the signing of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty6. This was followed by SALT II which began in 1972 but was never ratified by the US Senate7. United States hoped that through detente, they would have a smooth exit from the Vietnam War8. United States History explains that the two countries viewed detente differently where United States expected that Soviet Union had agreed to a worldwide standoff9. On the other hand, Soviets saw it as their obligation to support revolutions in any part of the world where they considered that there was oppression10. According to United States History, these varying interpretations strained the relationship and detente broke down with Afghanistan invasion in 197911. Some people felt that the attack was an unprovoked invasion of a sovereign nation12. Guide to Russia.com describes that Berlin, Hungary, Cuba and Korea had adopted communism and Afghanistan was seen to following the way13. In December 1979, Soviets paratroopers landed in the capital city; Kabul. The country was already in tension following the prime ministers attempt to introduce western po licies and do away with the Muslim belief14. This had therefore infuriated majority of the Afghanistan since they had a strong Muslim tradition. Consequently, many Muslim leaders had been arrested while others had fled Kabul15. Furthermore, the communist government was also opposed to religion. Consequently, thousands of Muslims in Afghanistan joined a guerrilla force known as Mujahedeen which declared jihad war on all the supporter of the prime minister16. They wanted to overthrow the government. The Soviets came in to support the government of the Afghan but on 27th December, 1979; they shot dead the then prime minister Amin and replaced him with Babrak Kamal17. However, the position of the new leader entirely depended on the support of Russians. The war started but the Russian army could not march the power of the Mujahedeen since they had the knowledge of the terrain and were committed to the jihad war18. United Nations was opposed to the invasion and had called for Russian with drawal from Afghanistan in January of 1980 although the motion was vetoed by Russia. Following the invasion, America introduced a ban on export of grains to Russia, stopped further SALT talks and refused to participate in the Moscow Olympic Games that were due to be held in 198019. America did not intervene in the war since they viewed this as a chance to get intelligence on the Russian weapons in addition to the fact that